Formula Reference

F = ma

Net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration.

Force = mass × acceleration · N = kg·m/s²

KE = ½mv²

Energy grows with mass and with the square of speed.

Energy of motion · J = kg·m²/s²

V = IR

Relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.

Voltage = current × resistance · V, A, Ω

PV = nRT

Connects state variables of an ideal gas.

Pressure, volume, amount, temperature · Pa, m³, mol, K

v = d / t

Average rate of change of position.

Distance over time · m/s

v = fλ

Wave speed relates how often crests pass a point to their spacing.

Speed = frequency × wavelength · m/s, Hz, m

~30–32 ATP / glucose

Approximate ATP produced per glucose under ideal aerobic conditions.

Oxidative phosphorylation yield · ATP

R = e^(−t/S)

Simple exponential decay model of memory without review.

Strength/spacing S over time t · dimensionless

ρ = m / V

Why ice (lower ρ) floats on liquid water.

Mass per volume · kg/m³

N = kg·m·s⁻²

One newton accelerates 1 kg at 1 m/s².

Derived unit · N